linux kernel 4.8以上内核NR_KERNEL_STACK的改变

发表于2021年3月31日由阿辉

1. NR_KERNEL_STACK是干什么用的？

通过下面的命令，我们可以查看内核栈的数量：

cat /proc/vmstat  | grep stack
nr_kernel_stack 567

cat /proc/vmstat | grep stack

nr_kernel_stack 567

这个值在内核中的宏为：NR_KERNEL_STACK，表示当前内核中有多少个内核栈。

我们使用这个数字来监控K8S节点上使用PID的数量，以避免PID被耗尽。

2. 那么PID与内核栈有什么关系呢？

在linux系统中，每个进程、子进程和线程在运行时都会有一个PID。这些进程或线程在运行时，因为CPU需要进行任务切换，在任务切换时就需要上下文交换，在上下文交换时就需要把当前进程的上下文压到内核栈内去，以便下次再运行时取出继续执行。

所以可以确定：每个进程、子进程和线程都会有一个内核栈。内核栈的数量与PID的数量大致相当。

注：基于linux内核的线程，比如java的线程与linux的线程是一一对应的，nodejs只使用了linux的进程，线程模型是其自己实现的，golang最特别，使用了多进程，每个进程上有多线程（基于内核），线程上还是自己实现的协程或者说goroute(可以理解为自己实现的线程)

继续阅读 →

PVC在K8S集群迁移或恢复需注意地方

发表于2021年3月29日由阿辉

目前在做同城双活，每个机房都有一个k8s集群，其中一些共享卷需要做到双活的2个集群上都可用。

比如我们现在在主机房的集群上有一个PVC：

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  annotations:
    pv.kubernetes.io/bind-completed: "yes"
    pv.kubernetes.io/bound-by-controller: "yes"
    volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-provisioner: com.tencent.cloud.csi.cfs
  creationTimestamp: "2020-11-25T07:24:15Z"
  name: public-devops-teststatefulset-nginx-online-pvc
  namespace: test
  uid: 3d65a636-f4c3-4c49-b957-c45673f48bc6
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteMany
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 30Gi
  storageClassName: cfs-hp
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  volumeName: pvc-3d65a636-f4c3-4c49-b957-c45673f48bc6

apiVersion: v1

kind: PersistentVolumeClaim

metadata:

annotations:

pv.kubernetes.io/bind-completed: "yes"

pv.kubernetes.io/bound-by-controller: "yes"

volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-provisioner: com.tencent.cloud.csi.cfs

creationTimestamp: "2020-11-25T07:24:15Z"

namespace: test

uid: 3d65a636-f4c3-4c49-b957-c45673f48bc6

spec:

accessModes:

- ReadWriteMany

resources:

requests:

storage: 30Gi

storageClassName: cfs-hp

volumeMode: Filesystem

volumeName: pvc-3d65a636-f4c3-4c49-b957-c45673f48bc6

以及对应的PV：

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  annotations:
    pv.kubernetes.io/provisioned-by: com.tencent.cloud.csi.cfs
  creationTimestamp: "2020-11-25T07:24:22Z"
  name: pvc-3d65a636-f4c3-4c49-b957-c45673f48bc6
  uid: 301c903e-10fc-40ee-98e1-0655948425fc
spec:
  accessModes:
  - ReadWriteMany
  capacity:
    storage: 30Gi
  claimRef:
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
    name: public-devops-teststatefulset-nginx-online-pvc
    namespace: test
    resourceVersion: "657951844"
    uid: 3d65a636-f4c3-4c49-b957-c45673f48bc6
  csi:
    driver: com.tencent.cloud.csi.cfs
    fsType: ext4
    volumeAttributes:
      fsid: cfs-3c7e956f6
      host: 10.10.144.12
      storage.kubernetes.io/csiProvisionerIdentity: 1597949457398-8081-com.tencent.cloud.csi.cfs
      storagetype: HP
      subnetid: subnet-mg9pp5o5
      vpcid: vpc-aqpp2l40
      zone: ap-shanghai-4
    volumeHandle: cfs-3c7e956f6
  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Delete
  storageClassName: cfs-hp
  volumeMode: Filesystem

apiVersion: v1

kind: PersistentVolume

metadata:

annotations:

pv.kubernetes.io/provisioned-by: com.tencent.cloud.csi.cfs

creationTimestamp: "2020-11-25T07:24:22Z"

uid: 301c903e-10fc-40ee-98e1-0655948425fc

spec:

accessModes:

- ReadWriteMany

capacity:

storage: 30Gi

claimRef:

apiVersion: v1

kind: PersistentVolumeClaim

namespace: test

resourceVersion: "657951844"

uid: 3d65a636-f4c3-4c49-b957-c45673f48bc6

csi:

driver: com.tencent.cloud.csi.cfs

fsType: ext4

volumeAttributes:

fsid: cfs-3c7e956f6

host: 10.10.144.12

storage.kubernetes.io/csiProvisionerIdentity: 1597949457398-8081-com.tencent.cloud.csi.cfs

storagetype: HP

subnetid: subnet-mg9pp5o5

vpcid: vpc-aqpp2l40

zone: ap-shanghai-4

volumeHandle: cfs-3c7e956f6

persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Delete

storageClassName: cfs-hp

volumeMode: Filesystem

继续阅读 →

k8s源码分析：kube-apiserver –admission-control及–enable-admission-plugins –disable-admission-plugins参数差异

发表于2021年2月1日由阿辉

kubernetes源码分支：1.18

先说结论，kube-apiserver启动时：

–admission-control参数带的插件将是apiserver启动的插件，不包括默认插件
–admission-control和–enable-admission-plugins –disable-admission-plugins不能同时使用
–enable-admission-plugins参数不需要按加载顺序填写
不使用–admission-control参数时，api server会同时启动默认插件
–enable-admission-plugins参数启用时，api server会同时启动默认插件，除非使用了–disable-admission-plugins显示的关闭某个插件
–enable-admission-plugins和–disable-admission-plugins如果同时填写了某一个插件，这个插件将会被加载

继续阅读 →

istio 1.6新特性：istio自身灰度发布功能测试

发表于2020年5月27日由阿辉

1. istio 1.6灰度功能测试

istio 1.6新增了istio自身的灰度测试特性，我先测试其灰度功能。

在官网下载并解压istio 1.6，并把istioctl复制到对应目录：

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio]# tar xfzf istio-1.6.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz
[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio]# cd istio-1.6.0
[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.6.0]# cp bin/istioctl /usr/local/bin/
cp: overwrite ‘/usr/local/bin/istioctl’? y
[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.6.0]# ll tools/
total 188
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  2031 May 21 07:12 convert_RbacConfig_to_ClusterRbacConfig.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10669 May 21 07:12 dump_kubernetes.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 88599 May 21 07:12 _istioctl
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 85301 May 21 07:12 istioctl.bash
[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.6.0]# cp tools/istioctl.bash /usr/local/bin/
cp: overwrite ‘/usr/local/bin/istioctl.bash’? y

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.6.0]# istioctl version
client version: 1.6.0
control plane version: 1.5.2
data plane version: 1.5.2 (6 proxies), 1.5.1 (4 proxies)

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio]# tar xfzf istio-1.6.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio]# cd istio-1.6.0

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.6.0]# cp bin/istioctl /usr/local/bin/

cp: overwrite ‘/usr/local/bin/istioctl’? y

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.6.0]# ll tools/

total 188

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2031 May 21 07:12 convert_RbacConfig_to_ClusterRbacConfig.sh

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10669 May 21 07:12 dump_kubernetes.sh

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 88599 May 21 07:12 _istioctl

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 85301 May 21 07:12 istioctl.bash

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.6.0]# cp tools/istioctl.bash /usr/local/bin/

cp: overwrite ‘/usr/local/bin/istioctl.bash’? y

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.6.0]# istioctl version

client version: 1.6.0

control plane version: 1.5.2

data plane version: 1.5.2 (6 proxies), 1.5.1 (4 proxies)

继续阅读 →

istio 1.5版本升级

发表于2020年5月9日由阿辉

之前测试的istio是1.5.1，现在升级到1.5.2。可以参考之前的istio定制安装的文章。http://www.huilog.com/?p=1299

下载新版本，并准备好之前安装时的配置文件

wget https://github.com/istio/istio/releases/download/1.5.2/istio-1.5.2-linux.tar.gz
tar xvzf istio-1.5.2-linux.tar.gz 
cd istio-1.5.1/
cp -rf *.yaml ../istio-1.5.2/
cd ../istio-1.5.2/

cp bin/istioctl /usr/local/bin/
cp tools/istioctl.bash /usr/local/bin/

wget https://github.com/istio/istio/releases/download/1.5.2/istio-1.5.2-linux.tar.gz

tar xvzf istio-1.5.2-linux.tar.gz

cd istio-1.5.1/

cp -rf *.yaml ../istio-1.5.2/

cd ../istio-1.5.2/

cp bin/istioctl /usr/local/bin/

cp tools/istioctl.bash /usr/local/bin/

查看支持的版本列表，验证 istoctl 命令是否支持从当前版本升级

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.5.2]# istioctl manifest versions

Operator version is 1.5.2.

The following installation package versions are recommended for use with this version of the operator:
  1.5.0

The following installation package versions are supported for upgrade by this version of the operator:
  >=1.4.0
   <1.6

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 istio-1.5.2]# istioctl manifest versions

Operator version is 1.5.2.

The following installation package versions are recommended for use with this version of the operator:

1.5.0

The following installation package versions are supported for upgrade by this version of the operator:

>=1.4.0

<1.6

继续阅读 →

istio-init容器Init:CrashLoopBackOff故障解决

发表于2020年5月8日由阿辉

最近在测试istio时，经常发现注入过sidecar的pod过段时间就变成了Init:CrashLoopBackOff状态。如：

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 ~]# kubectl get pod --all-namespaces -o wide | grep  'Init'
public-ops-tomcat-dev           public-ops-dubbo-demo-web-tomcat-dev-79f758dcf-64qwr              0/2     Init:CrashLoopBackOff   7          21h     10.253.3.166   10.12.97.23   <none>           <none>

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 ~]# kubectl get pod --all-namespaces -o wide | grep 'Init'

public-ops-tomcat-dev public-ops-dubbo-demo-web-tomcat-dev-79f758dcf-64qwr 0/2 Init:CrashLoopBackOff 7 21h 10.253.3.166 10.12.97.23 <none> <none>

我的kubernetes版本为1.14.10，istio版本为：1.5.1
查看istio-init容器的日志，发现有如下的报错：

[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 ~]# kubectl logs -n public-ops-tomcat-dev           public-ops-dubbo-demo-web-tomcat-dev-79f758dcf-64qwr istio-init 
Environment:
------------
ENVOY_PORT=
INBOUND_CAPTURE_PORT=
ISTIO_INBOUND_INTERCEPTION_MODE=
ISTIO_INBOUND_TPROXY_MARK=
ISTIO_INBOUND_TPROXY_ROUTE_TABLE=
ISTIO_INBOUND_PORTS=
ISTIO_LOCAL_EXCLUDE_PORTS=
ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=
ISTIO_SERVICE_EXCLUDE_CIDR=

Variables:
----------
PROXY_PORT=15001
PROXY_INBOUND_CAPTURE_PORT=15006
PROXY_UID=1337
PROXY_GID=1337
INBOUND_INTERCEPTION_MODE=REDIRECT
INBOUND_TPROXY_MARK=1337
INBOUND_TPROXY_ROUTE_TABLE=133
INBOUND_PORTS_INCLUDE=*
INBOUND_PORTS_EXCLUDE=15090,15020
OUTBOUND_IP_RANGES_INCLUDE=*
OUTBOUND_IP_RANGES_EXCLUDE=
OUTBOUND_PORTS_EXCLUDE=
KUBEVIRT_INTERFACES=
ENABLE_INBOUND_IPV6=false

Writing following contents to rules file:  /tmp/iptables-rules-1588923880490327697.txt562915423
* nat
-N ISTIO_REDIRECT
-N ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT
-N ISTIO_INBOUND
-N ISTIO_OUTPUT
-A ISTIO_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-port 15001
-A ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-port 15006
-A PREROUTING -p tcp -j ISTIO_INBOUND
-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp --dport 22 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp --dport 15090 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp --dport 15020 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT
-A OUTPUT -p tcp -j ISTIO_OUTPUT
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -s 127.0.0.6/32 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo ! -d 127.0.0.1/32 -m owner --uid-owner 1337 -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -m owner ! --uid-owner 1337 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner 1337 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo ! -d 127.0.0.1/32 -m owner --gid-owner 1337 -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -m owner ! --gid-owner 1337 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -m owner --gid-owner 1337 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -d 127.0.0.1/32 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -j ISTIO_REDIRECT
COMMIT

iptables-restore --noflush /tmp/iptables-rules-1588923880490327697.txt562915423
iptables-restore: line 2 failed
iptables-save 
# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.1 on Fri May  8 07:44:40 2020
*mangle
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [643414:2344563772]
:INPUT ACCEPT [643414:2344563772]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [616124:4267707048]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [616124:4267707048]
COMMIT
# Completed on Fri May  8 07:44:40 2020
# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.1 on Fri May  8 07:44:40 2020
*raw
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [643414:2344563772]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [616124:4267707048]
COMMIT
# Completed on Fri May  8 07:44:40 2020
# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.1 on Fri May  8 07:44:40 2020
*nat
:PREROUTING ACCEPT [38474:2000648]
:INPUT ACCEPT [40999:2131948]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [7987:560379]
:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [8763:600731]
:ISTIO_INBOUND - [0:0]
:ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT - [0:0]
:ISTIO_OUTPUT - [0:0]
:ISTIO_REDIRECT - [0:0]
-A PREROUTING -p tcp -j ISTIO_INBOUND
-A OUTPUT -p tcp -j ISTIO_OUTPUT
-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -m tcp --dport 15090 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -m tcp --dport 15020 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT
-A ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-ports 15006
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -s 127.0.0.6/32 -o lo -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT ! -d 127.0.0.1/32 -o lo -m owner --uid-owner 1337 -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -m owner ! --uid-owner 1337 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner 1337 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT ! -d 127.0.0.1/32 -o lo -m owner --gid-owner 1337 -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -m owner ! --gid-owner 1337 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -m owner --gid-owner 1337 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -d 127.0.0.1/32 -j RETURN
-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -j ISTIO_REDIRECT
-A ISTIO_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-ports 15001
COMMIT
# Completed on Fri May  8 07:44:40 2020
# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.1 on Fri May  8 07:44:40 2020
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [643414:2344563772]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [616124:4267707048]
COMMIT
# Completed on Fri May  8 07:44:40 2020
panic: exit status 1

goroutine 1 [running]:
istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/dependencies.(*RealDependencies).RunOrFail(0xd819c0, 0x9739b8, 0x10, 0xc00000cbc0, 0x2, 0x2)
        istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/dependencies/implementation.go:44 +0x96
istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.(*IptablesConfigurator).executeIptablesRestoreCommand(0xc000109d30, 0x7faeecd9a001, 0x0, 0x0)
        istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/run.go:474 +0x3aa
istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.(*IptablesConfigurator).executeCommands(0xc000109d30)
        istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/run.go:481 +0x45
istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.(*IptablesConfigurator).run(0xc000109d30)
        istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/run.go:428 +0x24e2
istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.glob..func1(0xd5c740, 0xc0000ee700, 0x0, 0x10)
        istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/root.go:56 +0x14e
github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).execute(0xd5c740, 0xc00001e130, 0x10, 0x11, 0xd5c740, 0xc00001e130)
        github.com/spf13/cobra@v0.0.5/command.go:830 +0x2aa
github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).ExecuteC(0xd5c740, 0x40574f, 0xc00009e058, 0x0)
        github.com/spf13/cobra@v0.0.5/command.go:914 +0x2fb
github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).Execute(...)
        github.com/spf13/cobra@v0.0.5/command.go:864
istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.Execute()
        istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/root.go:284 +0x2d
main.main()
        istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/main.go:22 +0x20

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[root@sh-saas-k8s1-master-dev-01 ~]# kubectl logs -n public-ops-tomcat-dev public-ops-dubbo-demo-web-tomcat-dev-79f758dcf-64qwr istio-init

Environment:

------------

ENVOY_PORT=

INBOUND_CAPTURE_PORT=

ISTIO_INBOUND_INTERCEPTION_MODE=

ISTIO_INBOUND_TPROXY_MARK=

ISTIO_INBOUND_TPROXY_ROUTE_TABLE=

ISTIO_INBOUND_PORTS=

ISTIO_LOCAL_EXCLUDE_PORTS=

ISTIO_SERVICE_CIDR=

ISTIO_SERVICE_EXCLUDE_CIDR=

Variables:

----------

PROXY_PORT=15001

PROXY_INBOUND_CAPTURE_PORT=15006

PROXY_UID=1337

PROXY_GID=1337

INBOUND_INTERCEPTION_MODE=REDIRECT

INBOUND_TPROXY_MARK=1337

INBOUND_TPROXY_ROUTE_TABLE=133

INBOUND_PORTS_INCLUDE=*

INBOUND_PORTS_EXCLUDE=15090,15020

OUTBOUND_IP_RANGES_INCLUDE=*

OUTBOUND_IP_RANGES_EXCLUDE=

OUTBOUND_PORTS_EXCLUDE=

KUBEVIRT_INTERFACES=

ENABLE_INBOUND_IPV6=false

Writing following contents to rules file: /tmp/iptables-rules-1588923880490327697.txt562915423

* nat

-N ISTIO_REDIRECT

-N ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT

-N ISTIO_INBOUND

-N ISTIO_OUTPUT

-A ISTIO_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-port 15001

-A ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-port 15006

-A PREROUTING -p tcp -j ISTIO_INBOUND

-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp --dport 22 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp --dport 15090 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp --dport 15020 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT

-A OUTPUT -p tcp -j ISTIO_OUTPUT

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -s 127.0.0.6/32 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo ! -d 127.0.0.1/32 -m owner --uid-owner 1337 -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -m owner ! --uid-owner 1337 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner 1337 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo ! -d 127.0.0.1/32 -m owner --gid-owner 1337 -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -m owner ! --gid-owner 1337 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -m owner --gid-owner 1337 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -d 127.0.0.1/32 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -j ISTIO_REDIRECT

COMMIT

iptables-restore --noflush /tmp/iptables-rules-1588923880490327697.txt562915423

iptables-restore: line 2 failed

iptables-save

# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.1 on Fri May 8 07:44:40 2020

*mangle

:PREROUTING ACCEPT [643414:2344563772]

:INPUT ACCEPT [643414:2344563772]

:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [616124:4267707048]

:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [616124:4267707048]

COMMIT

# Completed on Fri May 8 07:44:40 2020

# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.1 on Fri May 8 07:44:40 2020

*raw

:PREROUTING ACCEPT [643414:2344563772]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [616124:4267707048]

COMMIT

# Completed on Fri May 8 07:44:40 2020

# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.1 on Fri May 8 07:44:40 2020

*nat

:PREROUTING ACCEPT [38474:2000648]

:INPUT ACCEPT [40999:2131948]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [7987:560379]

:POSTROUTING ACCEPT [8763:600731]

:ISTIO_INBOUND - [0:0]

:ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT - [0:0]

:ISTIO_OUTPUT - [0:0]

:ISTIO_REDIRECT - [0:0]

-A PREROUTING -p tcp -j ISTIO_INBOUND

-A OUTPUT -p tcp -j ISTIO_OUTPUT

-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -m tcp --dport 15090 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -m tcp --dport 15020 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_INBOUND -p tcp -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT

-A ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-ports 15006

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -s 127.0.0.6/32 -o lo -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT ! -d 127.0.0.1/32 -o lo -m owner --uid-owner 1337 -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -m owner ! --uid-owner 1337 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -m owner --uid-owner 1337 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT ! -d 127.0.0.1/32 -o lo -m owner --gid-owner 1337 -j ISTIO_IN_REDIRECT

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -o lo -m owner ! --gid-owner 1337 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -m owner --gid-owner 1337 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -d 127.0.0.1/32 -j RETURN

-A ISTIO_OUTPUT -j ISTIO_REDIRECT

-A ISTIO_REDIRECT -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-ports 15001

COMMIT

# Completed on Fri May 8 07:44:40 2020

# Generated by iptables-save v1.6.1 on Fri May 8 07:44:40 2020

*filter

:INPUT ACCEPT [643414:2344563772]

:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]

:OUTPUT ACCEPT [616124:4267707048]

COMMIT

# Completed on Fri May 8 07:44:40 2020

panic: exit status 1

goroutine 1 [running]:

istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/dependencies.(*RealDependencies).RunOrFail(0xd819c0, 0x9739b8, 0x10, 0xc00000cbc0, 0x2, 0x2)

istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/dependencies/implementation.go:44 +0x96

istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.(*IptablesConfigurator).executeIptablesRestoreCommand(0xc000109d30, 0x7faeecd9a001, 0x0, 0x0)

istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/run.go:474 +0x3aa

istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.(*IptablesConfigurator).executeCommands(0xc000109d30)

istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/run.go:481 +0x45

istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.(*IptablesConfigurator).run(0xc000109d30)

istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/run.go:428 +0x24e2

istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.glob..func1(0xd5c740, 0xc0000ee700, 0x0, 0x10)

istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/root.go:56 +0x14e

github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).execute(0xd5c740, 0xc00001e130, 0x10, 0x11, 0xd5c740, 0xc00001e130)

github.com/spf13/cobra@v0.0.5/command.go:830 +0x2aa

github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).ExecuteC(0xd5c740, 0x40574f, 0xc00009e058, 0x0)

github.com/spf13/cobra@v0.0.5/command.go:914 +0x2fb

github.com/spf13/cobra.(*Command).Execute(...)

github.com/spf13/cobra@v0.0.5/command.go:864

istio.io/istio/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd.Execute()

istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/pkg/cmd/root.go:284 +0x2d

main.main()

istio.io/istio@/tools/istio-iptables/main.go:22 +0x20

继续阅读 →

istio 1.5 定制安装

发表于2020年4月4日由阿辉

在istio 1.5，已经不支持helm方式安装，因为helm已经弃用。helm部分的代码已不在更新。只支持istioctl的方式安装istio。

istioctl在安装包内，可通过下面的链接下载安装包。
https://istio.io/docs/setup/getting-started/#download

安装包解压后，直接将istioctl复制到执行目录就可以用了：
cp bin/istioctl /usr/local/bin/

以下命令可以默认配置安装istio:
istioctl manifest apply

如果想安装demo：
istioctl manifest apply --set profile=demo

但是默认配置有些部件是没有选中的。参考下图：

继续阅读 →

Api Gateway和服务网格的对比

发表于2020年3月29日由阿辉

在服务网络出来之前，就已经有很多各式各样的Api Gateway了。他们之间有什么不同呢？

1. Api Gateway架构

Api Gateway有很多，现阶段做的比较好的有ambassador和kong。还有一些其它的，目前看来这两个用的人比较多。
– Ambassador架构：

Kong架构：

从流量转发的角度来看，Api Gateway主要做的事是外部到内部的流量转发，也就是通常所说的南北流量。基于kubernetes的架构内来说，其主要是实现ingress的功能。

应用内部之间的流量（东西流量）并不是它关注的重点，虽然部分上也可以实现，但是相关功能并不多。

2. API Gateway解决了什么问题？

API Gateway主要是解决了API管理的问题。

根据Wikipedia的定义：API管理的过程包括创建和发布Web API、执行调用策略、访问控制、订阅管理、收集和分析调用统计以及报告性能。

根据以上定义，API Gateway主要的功能如下：
– api的创建和发布，比如说api的自动注册
– 访问控制和调用策略（流控等），谁能访问？API被调用时，怎么确保安全和稳定的访问？
– 订阅管理，哪些人可以访问我的API
– 调用性能分析及信息收集等

继续阅读 →

traefik 重写配置

发表于2020年3月11日由阿辉

traefik ingress同样可以配置URL的重写：

traefik 1.x配置方法

下面是一个完整例子：

 apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
  kind: Ingress
  metadata:
    annotations:
      kubernetes.io/ingress.class: traefik
      traefik.ingress.kubernetes.io/request-modifier: 'ReplacePathRegex: ^/api3/(.*)
        /api/$1'
    creationTimestamp: "2020-03-09T03:27:40Z"
    generation: 2
    labels:
      app: public-fe-zhan-operation-node-qa
    name: public-fe-zhan-operation-node-qa-7091-2-ingress
    namespace: public-fe-node-qa
    resourceVersion: "2310342"
    selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/public-fe-node-qa/ingresses/public-fe-zhan-operation-node-qa-7091-2-ingress
    uid: ee6f6696-61b5-11ea-a82f-52540088db9a
  spec:
    rules:
    - host: www.xxxx.com
      http:
        paths:
        - backend:
            serviceName: public-fe-zhan-operation-node-qa
            servicePort: 7091
          path: /api3

apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1

kind: Ingress

metadata:

annotations:

kubernetes.io/ingress.class: traefik

traefik.ingress.kubernetes.io/request-modifier: 'ReplacePathRegex: ^/api3/(.*)

/api/$1'

creationTimestamp: "2020-03-09T03:27:40Z"

generation: 2

labels:

app: public-fe-zhan-operation-node-qa

namespace: public-fe-node-qa

resourceVersion: "2310342"

selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/public-fe-node-qa/ingresses/public-fe-zhan-operation-node-qa-7091-2-ingress

uid: ee6f6696-61b5-11ea-a82f-52540088db9a

spec:

rules:

- host: www.xxxx.com

http:

paths:

- backend:

serviceName: public-fe-zhan-operation-node-qa

servicePort: 7091

path: /api3

参考文档：
https://s0docs0traefik0io.icopy.site/v1.7/basics/#path-matcher-usage-guidelines

https://docs.traefik.io/v1.7/basics/#rules-order

继续阅读 →

nginx的add_header及proxy_set_header命令需注意的地方

发表于2019年11月15日由阿辉

nginx的add_header及proxy_set_header命令有三个地方可以配置，分别是http,server,location。我们一般对其优先级的理解是location->server->http。

这没有错，但是这个优先级是指令级别的（不包括指令后面的参数），也就是说：假设在http和server内都有add_header,那么只有server内的生效，忽略http内的add_header，而不管在这两个地方配置新增的header是不是一样。

proxy_set_header也是一样的效果。所以个人推测有很多nginx指令可能都是这样的规则。

另个在同一级别也有坑，对于add_header，如果同一个域名的两个不同location加了不同的add_header，那么只有最后一个location内的生效。这个我没有亲测，详细的可以看下面的参考链接。

继续阅读 →

阿辉的博客

docker kubernetes istio等分布式系统和云计算等技术研究

作者归档：阿辉

linux kernel 4.8以上内核NR_KERNEL_STACK的改变

1. NR_KERNEL_STACK是干什么用的？

2. 那么PID与内核栈有什么关系呢？

PVC在K8S集群迁移或恢复需注意地方

k8s源码分析：kube-apiserver –admission-control及–enable-admission-plugins –disable-admission-plugins参数差异

istio 1.6新特性：istio自身灰度发布功能测试

1. istio 1.6灰度功能测试

istio 1.5版本升级

istio-init容器Init:CrashLoopBackOff故障解决

istio 1.5 定制安装

Api Gateway和服务网格的对比

1. Api Gateway架构

2. API Gateway解决了什么问题？

traefik 重写配置

nginx的add_header及proxy_set_header命令需注意的地方

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